Immunobiology of B Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Fig. 9.1 Functional diversity of B cells in IBD: Immunoglobulins (Igs) produced by B cells may have both deleterious and protective roles in IBD. Binding of autoantibodies to colonic tissues…
Immunobiology of T-Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Fig. 8.1 Regulatory and Effector T cell populations controlling IBD. Various effector T cells (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Th9) are depicted and their cytokine secretion patterns as well as potential…
Intestinal Microbiology and Ecology in Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
(1) Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany Ludovica F. ButtóChair of Nutrition and Immunology Email: ludovica.butto@tum.de Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) include the two main phenotypes Crohn’s disease (CD)…
Immunobiology of Human Dendritic Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Fig. 7.1 Model of the three major myeloid dendritic cell populations and their hypothesized (dys)function in human inflammatory bowel disease (The majority of pathways were identified for Crohn’s disease and…
Vascular Responses to Intestinal Inflammation
Fig. 6.1 Microvascular responses to intestinal inflammation. Arterioles exhibit impaired vasomotor function that is manifested as an early hyperemia and a later phase of vasoconstriction. The hyperemic response may contribute…
Bladder Emptying: Complete Emptying
Fig. 18.1 CMG: slightly decreased cystometric bladder capacity (~330 mL); no DO; high compliance; no leak with valsalva maneuver; incomplete emptying on PFS with high-pressure, low-flow pattern (P det@Q max = 57…
Test Tracings: Final Exam
Fig. 20.1 This study demonstrates: 1. Detrusor overactivity 2. Stress urinary incontinence 3. Impaired compliance 4. Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) 5. Increased bladder sensation Answer…
Bladder Emptying: Clinical Bladder Outlet Obstruction
Fig. 19.1 (a) CMG and PFS, (b) expanded PFS segment, (c) pressure flow nomogram, (d) post-PFS non-invasive uroflow Expanded PFS Segment (Fig. 19.1b). This segment of the tracing begins at…
Bladder Filling and Storage: “Capacity”
From the frequency–volume chart maximum and average-voided volumes can be determined as can the median functional bladder capacity which is defined as the median maximum voided volume during every day…
Bladder Filling and Storage: “Compliance”
Fig. 12.1 (a) Calculating compliance. A = 495 ml/3 cm H2O A = 165 ml/cm H2O (b) Calculating Compliance. B = 400 ml/62 cm H2O B = 6.5 ml/cm H2O When analyzing compliance on an urodynamic tracing, the…
