Fig. 14.1 Discrete defects of the anterior and posterior vaginal wall (midline, paravaginal, transverse and distal defects) Midline Defects Midline or central defects arise from defects in the pubocervical fascia…
Fig. 16.1 Perigee system In response to safety concerns raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory statement [6, 7], first-generation mesh kits that involved relatively blind needle…
Fig. 2.1 Neuron – the basic nerve unit Fig. 2.2 Neuronal synapse – release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft In order to communicate, a presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter,…
Type of tear Definition First degree Injury to the perineal skin Second degree Injury to the perineum involving the perineal muscles, but not involving the anal sphincter Third degree Injury…
Inclusion criteria 1. Cystoscopy – glomerulations and/or classic Hunner’s ulcer 2. Symptoms – bladder pain and/or bladder urgency Exclusion criteria 1. Bladder capacity greater than 350 cc on awake cystometry…
Fig. 7.1 The retropubic approach of mid-urethral sling, with needle passage from bottom-up (From: Noblett et al. [34]; with permission) Nilsson et al. reported that at 11-year follow-up, objective and…
Drug name Dosage range Oxybutynin 2.5–5 mg IR daily thrice daily 5 or 10 or 15 mg ER daily Tolterodine 4 mg ER daily Solifenacin 5 or 10 mg daily…
Medication Effect Alpha agonist Urinary retention Alpha blockers Urinary leak Alcohol Frequency, polyuria Anticholinergics Urinary retention/functional incontinence Caffeine Frequency, urgency, polyuria Calcium channel blockers Urinary retention, nocturnal diuresis Diuretics Frequency,…
Etiology of neurogenic bladder Brain and spinal cord related: Cerebral palsy Parkinson’s disease Multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Encephalitis Stroke Congenital defects of spinal cord Brain or spinal cord tumors…
The next group with urinary retention can empty their bladder but can have varying degrees of voiding problems (hesitancy, straining to void, weak urinary stream, sensation of incomplete emptying) or…
