Advancing age Diabetes Obesity Neurological disorders Female gender Urinary incontinence Caucasian race Chronic diarrhea Multiple vaginal births Constipation Sphincter tear with delivery Pelvic organ prolapse Surgical procedures (colectomy, sphincterotomy) Gastrointestinal…
History Urinary tract: details of storage and voiding symptoms, urinary infections Gastrointestinal tract: any constipation or encopresis Neurological evaluation: neurological screening, lower limb and higher function assessment Gynecological evaluation: assess…
Fig. 3.1 Spinal cord neurons. The afferent and efferent neurons of the spinal cord and relation with interneurons Specific areas in the brain which are involved in control of micturition…
Vaginal approach Abdominal approach Vaginal hysterectomy + McCall culdoplasty Abdominal sacrocolpopexy Sacrospinous ligament suspension Abdominal sacrohysteropexy High uterosacral ligament suspension Abdominal uterosacral suspension Iliococcygeus fixation High levator myorrhaphy Vaginal Approach In most…
Fig. 14.1 Discrete defects of the anterior and posterior vaginal wall (midline, paravaginal, transverse and distal defects) Midline Defects Midline or central defects arise from defects in the pubocervical fascia…
Fig. 16.1 Perigee system In response to safety concerns raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory statement [6, 7], first-generation mesh kits that involved relatively blind needle…
Fig. 2.1 Neuron – the basic nerve unit Fig. 2.2 Neuronal synapse – release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft In order to communicate, a presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter,…
Type of tear Definition First degree Injury to the perineal skin Second degree Injury to the perineum involving the perineal muscles, but not involving the anal sphincter Third degree Injury…
Inclusion criteria 1. Cystoscopy – glomerulations and/or classic Hunner’s ulcer 2. Symptoms – bladder pain and/or bladder urgency Exclusion criteria 1. Bladder capacity greater than 350 cc on awake cystometry…
Fig. 7.1 The retropubic approach of mid-urethral sling, with needle passage from bottom-up (From: Noblett et al. [34]; with permission) Nilsson et al. reported that at 11-year follow-up, objective and…
