Fig. 12.1 A schema of bile acid signaling in pancreatic acinar cells. Extracellular bile acid enters pancreatic acinar cells through Na+-dependent transporter Ntcp at the luminal membrane and Na+-independent transporter…
Fig. 4.1 Nuclear receptors regulate bile acid metabolism. Nuclear receptors that regulate expression of genes involved in bile acid metabolism are shown. FXR, PXR, and VDR respond to bile acids….
1. Elevated cholestatic liver enzymes (e.g., alkaline phosphatase) 2. Detectable antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) in sera 3. The presence of chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis The diagnosis of PBC is made if…
Fig. 3.1 Enzymatic hydrolysis and micellar solubilization of dietary lipids. BA conjugated bile acid, C cholesterol, CE cholesterol ester, DG diacylglycerol, FFA free fatty acid, LPC lysophosphatidylcholine, MG monoacylglycerol, PC…
Fig. 2.1 Bile acid transporters. In hepatocytes, bile acids are absorbed from the sinusoid by NTCP, and in part by OATPs, and are secreted into the bile canaliculus by BSEP….
Fig. 1.1 (a, b) Nociceptive versus inflammatory pain signal stimuli and conduction pathways. (c, d) Dysfunctional versus neuropathic pain signal stimuli and conduction pathways Nociceptive Versus Neuropathic Pain Pain is…
Fig. 5.1 Piriformis muscle in relation to surrounding muscles and sciatic nerve (Source: Atlas of Common Pain Syndromes, Chapter 84, 266–268 [1]) Diagnosis When it comes to diagnosing piriformis syndrome,…
Fig. 11.1 Illustration of the gate control theory of pain Procedure When a patient is deemed a potential candidate for an SCS device, the first step is to schedule a…
Fig. 14.1 Ten most common CAM therapies among US adults who reported CAM use within 1 year of being surveyed in the 2002 National Health Interview Survey on CAM from:…
Fig. 10.1 Visual analog scale Fig. 10.2 Wong-baker scale Fig. 10.3 PAINAD scale Fig. 10.4 Memory pain assessment card In keeping with the concept of “total pain,” one must explore…
