Fig. 5.1 The hypothalamo–pituitary–testicular axis. The negative influence is shown with dash lines. E 2 Estradiol; FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone; LH luteinizing hormone; AMH Anti-Müllerian hormone; “?” means that the action and…
Fig. 7.1 Neural pathways involved in ejaculation While retrograde ejaculation is classically attributed to failure of bladder neck coaptation, there has been evidence that this is not the causative process in…
Fig. 1.1 Factors contributing to oxidative stress-induced male infertility (Copyright license provided) Like all other living cells, spermatozoa require oxygen for survival. However, excessive exposure to oxygen metabolites can alter…
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017Giancarlo Balercia, Loredana Gandini, Andrea Lenzi and Francesco Lombardo (eds.)Antioxidants in AndrologyTrends in Andrology and Sexual Medicine10.1007/978-3-319-41749-3_2 2. Biochemistry of Coenzyme Q10 Gian Paolo Littarru1, Francesca Bruge1 and Luca Tiano1 (1) Department of Clinical and Dental…
Before After Variation P Seminal CoQ10 (μg/ml) 0.019 (0.016–0.028) 0.017 (0.007–0.068) 0.005 (−0.014–0.047) NS Sperm cells CoQ10 (ng/106 sperm cells) 2.32 ± 1.06 7.44 ± 2.40 5.12 ± 2.38…
Fig. 3.1 The mitochondrial carnitine system. CoA coenzyme A, CAT carnitine acetyltransferase, CPT I carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, CPT II carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, CACT carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase 3.2 Carnitine in Male Infertility…
Fig. 6.1 Metabolic pathways involved in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis When ROS concentrations exceed the body’s scavenging abilities, O2– reacts with NO, leading to the production of reactive nitrogen species…
Factor Description A Clinical history of: Urinary tract infection Epididymitis Sexually transmitted infection Physical signs: Thickened or tender epididymis Tender vas deferens Abnormal digital rectal examination B Prostatic fluid: Abnormal…
CHAPTER7 Metabolic Acidosis Adam M. Franks and Joseph I. Shapiro Recommended Time to Complete: 2 Days Guiding Questions 1. Why is evaluation of acid–base status important? 2. What is “buffering?”…
CHAPTER8 Metabolic Alkalosis Adam M. Franks and Joseph I. Shapiro Recommended Time to Complete: 1 Day Guiding Questions 1. What is metabolic alkalosis and how does it occur? 2. What…
