Nuclear Receptor Regulation
Fig. 4.1 Nuclear receptors regulate bile acid metabolism. Nuclear receptors that regulate expression of genes involved in bile acid metabolism are shown. FXR, PXR, and VDR respond to bile acids….
Bile Acids and Cholestatic Liver Disease 1: Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC)
1. Elevated cholestatic liver enzymes (e.g., alkaline phosphatase) 2. Detectable antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) in sera 3. The presence of chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis The diagnosis of PBC is made if…
Hepatobiliary Transport of Bile Acids
Fig. 2.1 Bile acid transporters. In hepatocytes, bile acids are absorbed from the sinusoid by NTCP, and in part by OATPs, and are secreted into the bile canaliculus by BSEP….
Invasive Urodynamics
(1) Functional Urology Unit, Casa Madre Fortunata Toniolo, Bologna, Italy There are two principal methods of invasive urodynamic investigation: Conventional urodynamics Ambulatory urodynamics Conventional urodynamics usually take place in…
Noninvasive Urodynamics
(1) Functional Urology Unit, Casa Madre Fortunata Toniolo, Bologna, Italy Classically, noninvasive urodynamics include uroflowmetry and post-void residual assessment. 6.1 Uroflowmetry 6.1.1 Definition Flow is defined by the fluid…
Electromyography of Pelvic Floor Muscles
(1) Functional Urology Unit, Casa Madre Fortunata Toniolo, Bologna, Italy Electromyography (EMG) is a study of bioelectrical activity of striated muscles. The unit of measure is in microvolts (µV)….
Key Symptoms Analysis and Diagnostic Algorithms
(1) Functional Urology Unit, Casa Madre Fortunata Toniolo, Bologna, Italy There are several standardized validated questionnaire to aid the clinician in evaluating lower urinary tract symptoms, degree of bother,…
Urethral Profilometry
(1) Functional Urology Unit, Casa Madre Fortunata Toniolo, Bologna, Italy The urethral pressure profile (UPP) is a graph indicating the intraluminal pressure along the length of the urethra from…
Ambulatory Urodynamics
(1) Functional Urology Unit, Casa Madre Fortunata Toniolo, Bologna, Italy Conventional urodynamics is a “nonphysiological” test, since it involves a retrograde rapid filling of the bladder in a laboratory…
Urodynamics of the Upper Urinary Tract
(1) Functional Urology Unit, Casa Madre Fortunata Toniolo, Bologna, Italy Urodynamics of upper urinary tract is often synonymous with the assessment of upper urinary tract dilatation without apparent cause…
