Abdominal Key

  Gallbladder stones CBD stones Cholesterol stone (%) 58.3 31.1 Bilirubin stone   Black pigment stone (%) 23.7 11.8 Brown pigment stone (%) 15.9 54.3 Others (%) 2.1 2.8 6.3 Cholesterol…

Fig. 5.1 Molecular diagram of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), nor-ursodeoxycholic acid (NorUDCA), obeticholic acid (OCA), INT-777, cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam-HCl, colestimide, and ezetimibe Approximately 90–95% of bile acids (except…

Fig. 11.1 Bar charts of five bile acids that are differentially expressed among patients with Child–Pugh A, B, and C cirrhosis. Serum levels of GCA, GCDCA, TCA, TCDCA, and GUDCA…

Fig. 15.1 FXR-dependent metabolic regulation. FXR signaling regulates lipid and glucose metabolism. FXR signaling reduces lipogenesis (SREBP1c) and induces fatty acid β oxidation (PPARα) and plasma TG clearance (LPL and…

Fig. 8.1 Etiology of PSC Three ulcerative colitis (UC) susceptibility loci associated with PSC, harboring the putative candidate genes REL, IL2, and CARD9, have been identified [6]. A study reported…

Fig. 10.1 Bile acid receptors (FXR, TGR5) and metabolic regulation in the liver. FXR is expressed in hepatocytes in the liver. TGR5 is expressed in LSECs and Kupffer cells in…

Fig. 3.1 Enzymatic hydrolysis and micellar solubilization of dietary lipids. BA conjugated bile acid, C cholesterol, CE cholesterol ester, DG diacylglycerol, FFA free fatty acid, LPC lysophosphatidylcholine, MG monoacylglycerol, PC…

Fig. 1.1 Types of bile acids 1.2 Biosynthesis of Bile Acids Two pathways, classical (neutral) pathway and alternative pathway, are known for the biosynthesis of bile acids [1]. Neutral pathway…