Benign Malignant Congenital tumors Developmental tumors: tailgut cyst (cystic mucinous hamartoma), teratoma, rectal duplication, epidermoid cyst, dermoid cyst Anterior sacral meningocele Chordoma Teratocarcinoma Neurogenic tumors Neurofibroma Neuroblastoma Ependymoma Schwannoma…
Fig. 3.1 Rectal motor complex Two types of change in rectal tone have been described: Rapid-volume waves Slow-volume waves Rapid-volume waves last less than 2 min and are associated with…
Fig. 9.1 Endoanal ultrasound showing intact internal and external sphincters (a) and lesions of the internal and external sphincters (b) (Courtesy G. Santoro; Treviso) The anatomy and its potential defects…
Fig. 35.1 Topography of perineal nerve distribution: (a) iliohypogastric area; (b) pudendal nerve area; (c) inferior cluneal nerve area Pudendal nerve area Iliohypogastric area Inferior cluneal nerve area Third, the…
Fig. 20.1 An endometriotic nodule infiltrating the intestinal wall to the submucosal layer. (a) lumen reduction, (b) fibrotic core 20.2 Incidence and Epidemiology Endometriosis affects 6–10 % of all women…
Drug class Method of administration, dosage Side effects Surveillance Corticosteroids Oral: prednisone or prednisolone 40 mg/day to 0.8–1 mg/kg/day (single dose) Intravenous: methylprednisolone 0.8–1 mg/kg/day Oral with ileocecal delivery: budesonide…
Primary (idiopathic) constipation Simple constipation Factors include exercise, dietary fiber intake, hydration Chronic constipation Delayed colonic transit and/or pelvic floor dysfunction Constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome Idiopathic megacolon or megarectum…
Fig. 36.1 Surgical stress response depends on perioperative care The metabolic stress response varies widely. It seems to be commensurate with the extent and the type of the surgical procedure…
Fig. 26.1 Plane of excision in total mesorectal excision 26.2.2 Radiotherapy Around the time the TME technique was introduced, several randomized trials explored the effect of radiotherapy (RT) on local…
Diagnostic criteria for functional constipation 1. Must include two or more of the following: (a) Straining during at least 25 % of defecations (b) Lumpy or hard stools in at…
