Retrograde Ureteroscopy in the Treatment of Upper Urinary Tract Lithiasis
6.1 Generalities Ureteral calculi were first mentioned by Ambroise Pare in 1564. He also described impaction of stones in both ureters as a cause of death ( ). Although ureteral…
Retrograde Ureteroscopy in the Treatment of Ureteral Stenoses
9.1 History The advances achieved in the ureteroscopic techniques, the design of the ureteroscopes, and working instruments have made the endoscopic management of ureteral strictures a reasonable alternative to open…
Retrograde Ureteroscopy for the Treatment of Upper Urinary Tract Tumors
8.1 Generalities The continuous development of endourological techniques has led to their use as an alternative for upper urinary tract tumoral lesions. Thus, the progress regarding the equipment and the…
Diagnostic Ureteroscopy
4.1 Generalities In selected cases in which clinical, laboratory, and/or imagistic data are equivocal, establishing a correct diagnosis may require the endoscopic exploration of the upper urinary tract. Due to…
Retrograde Ureteroscopy in the Treatment of Ureteropelvic Junction Stenosis
10.1 Generalities Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) stenosis is defined as the deficiency in urine transportation from the pyelocaliceal system toward the proximal ureter. Its presence leads to the dilation of the…
