Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are vascular cushions that lie close to the anus and are subject to the stresses and strains of defecation. They are normal structures that become symptomatic when thrombosis or…
Chronic Anal Fissure
Introduction An anal fissure is a linear tear in the lining of the anal canal that usually becomes symptomatic because it exposes the internal anal sphincter and causes painful spasms…
Anal Fistula
Introduction An anal fistula is an abnormal communication between the inside of the anus and epithelium outside the anus. The most common anal fistula is an anocutaneous fistula, which is…
Anorectal Abscess
Abscesses in the anorectal region occur in all age groups and are a common, distressing problem. Predisposing factors include diabetes, Crohn disease, previous perianal surgery, and impairment of immunity, including…
Rectovaginal Fistula
Definition Any communication between the rectum/anus and the vagina/perineal skin is classically referred to as a rectovaginal fistula (RVF). RVF is an accepted term for any fistula that originates in…
Stem Cell Banking
Outline Introduction 409 Basic Principles of Cell Banking 410 Donation 410 Collection 411 Processing 411 Cell Suspension 412 Cell Selection 413 Cryopreservation 415 Storage 417 Selection of Cells for Transplantation…
Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury with Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Preclinical and Initial Clinical Data
Outline Acute Kidney Injury: Clinical and Experimental Issues 316 Clinical Acute Kidney Injury 316 Treatment Resistance of Clinical Acute Kidney Injury 317 Experimental Models of Acute Kidney Injury 317 Design…
Tissue Engineering in Urology
Outline Introduction 389 Basic Components of Tissue Engineering 390 Cells 390 Native Cells 390 Embryonic Stem Cells 390 Therapeutic Cloning (Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer) 391 Reprogrammed Somatic Cells 391 Placental…
Potential Risks of Stem Cell Therapies
Outline Introduction 361 Characteristics of Mesenchymal Stem Cells 362 Characteristics of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 363 Technical Caveats in Stem Cell Preparation and Administration 364 Standardization of Stem Cell Methodology…
Ethics in Regenerative Medicine
Outline Introduction 401 Alternative Methods 403 Adult Stem Cells 403 Multipotent Stem Cells from Extraembryonic Tissues 404 Umbilical Cord as Stem Cell Source 404 Placenta, Amnion and Amniotic Fluid as…
