Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Six to ten percent of patients develop cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction. Mitral regurgitation (MR) occurs in 8 to 50 percent of patients after…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Aortic aneurysms were the 15th most common cause of death in the United States in the year 2000. Among patients who die of thoracic…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Approximately 100,000 aortic valve replacement procedures have been performed in the United States in the last 10 years. Most patients present with aortic valve…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen The normal mitral valve annulus is a saddle-shaped structure with 3:4 ratio of the anterior–posterior to commissure–commissure distance. Mitral stenosis is usually a result of…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Membrane potentials are created by energy-dependent ion pumps that segregate charged ions on either side of hydrophobic cell membrane. Cell depolarization is possible because channels…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Prosthetic valve design Design of both mechanical and bioprosthetic valves has continued to evolve since the invention of the first valve to improve flow dynamics,…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Team approach Although all cardiac operations require a multidisciplinary approach, this is especially true for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Close and clear communication…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Among the 200,000 coronary bypass operations performed annually in the United States, reoperative coronary artery bypass surgery (redo-CAB) accounts for approximately 5 percent of…
Print Section Listen Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has developed into an invaluable tool for operations on the thoracic viscera. By interfacing with the cardiovascular system, total CPB completely replaces the function…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Affecting more than 1.5 million Americans annually, coronary artery disease is the most common form of heart disease, and its complications are the leading…
