Robotic Training and Validation
Picture 65.1 Mimic dV-Trainer Picture 65.2 Simbionix RobotiX Mentor 65.4 Wet Lab Simulation Whilst live animal, cadaveric and animal tissue models have all been used in robotic surgical training, validation…
Surgical Robotics: Past, Present and Future
Fig. 1.1 Humanoid automaton, designed by Leonardo da Vinci, it is believed to be able to perform several human-like motions In the eighteenth century, miniature automatons became popular as toys…
Endoscopic Evaluation and Management of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Fig. 14.1 (a) MRC images suspicious for a dominant stenosis in the mid bile duct (arrow). (b) Follow-up ERCP showed no evidence of stenosis in the bile duct (arrow) The…
Noninvasive Imaging of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Radiologic Perspective
Fig. 13.1 US of a 24-year-old female with PSC. (a) US shows anechoic bile in mildly dilated extrahepatic bile duct, mucosal irregularity, and diffuse bile duct wall thickening (arrow). (b)…
Cholangiocyte Biology
Normal Activated Senescent/SASP Malignant Markers Phenotypic characteristic Markers Phenotypic characteristic Markers Phenotypic characteristic Markers Phenotypic characteristic AE2 Transports intracellular Cl−/HCO3 − αvβ6 integrin Induces proliferation and migration SA-β-Gal Large, flat…
Genetics of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Chromosome Plausible risk gene Study 1 MMEL1, TNFRSF14 Folseraas et al. (2012) [56] 2 BCL2L11 Melum et al. (2011) [59] 2 CD28, CTLA4 Liu et al. (2013) [27] 2 CCL20…
IgG4-Related Sclerosing Cholangitis
Study Country Cohort N. of patients IgG4-SC N (%) AIP N (%) Kanno et al. [43] Japan AIP 91 8 311 (33.8) 918 (100) Ghazale et al. [26] USA IgG4-SC…
Immunology of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Features Classical AID PSC Autoantigen(s) Yes Possibly Autoantibody Yes, pathogenetic Yes, biomarker Age Children and adults Children and adults Gender predilection Female > male Male > female Genetic factors HLA,…
Epidemiology and Natural History of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Region Study period Number of cases Incidencea Prevalenceb Reference Northern Europe Norway 1986–1995 17 1.3 8.5 [9] Sweden 1992–2005 199 1.22 16.2 [8] Netherlands 2000–2007 519 0.5 6.0 [12] UK…
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Associated Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Fig. 3.1 Absolute cumulative risk for colorectal dysplasia or cancer over time among patients with UC and those with PSC-UC [1] Given the apparent increased incidence of colorectal neoplasia in…
