Fig. 24.1 Relevant biologic pathways in RCC. In hypoxia or with an inactivated VHL gene, there is stabilization of HIF transcription factors. mTOR phosphorylates and activates p70S6K leading to enhanced…
Fig. 18.1 Cellular function with normal O2 levels and normal VHL System When there is hypoxia or mutation of pVHL, binding of pVHL to HIF-α cannot occur and the pVHL-HIF…
Absolute Anatomical or functional solitary kidney, synchronous tumours; RCC in better functioning kidney with poorly or non-functioning opposite kidney Relative Contralateral kidney is at future risk of the condition and…
1. Obesity, cachexia 2. Varying degrees of impairment of renal function 3. Previous anaesthetic problems 4. Dehydration, acidosis/alkalosis, electrolyte imbalance 5. Paraneoplastic syndromes 6. Diabetes mellitus 7. Cardiac and vascular…
Nomogram N M status (n) Clinical and pathological variables Comments Yacioglu et al. [24] 296 M0 Retrospective study, Tumour size and presentation Biostatical prognostic model Kattan et al. [23] 601…
Other laboratory investigations include renal function studies (creatinine, urea, and electrolytes including magnesium and phosphate), PTH, serum 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and immunoreactive PTH (iPTH). Management Hydration with intravenous normal saline…
Clinical finding Cause A. Endocrine Hypercalcaemia Tumor release of parathyroid hormone (PT) and parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) causing increased bone reabsorption Hypertension Increased renin secretion activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway…
A. Primary tumour (T) Tx Primary tumour cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of tumour T1a Tumour ≤4 cm in maximal dimension, limited to the kidney T1b Tumour ≥4 cm…
© Springer-Verlag London 2015Vinod H. Nargund, Derek Raghavan and Howard M. Sandler (eds.)Urological Oncology10.1007/978-0-85729-482-1_10 10. Diet and GU Cancers Ali Panah1 and Chandran Tanabalan1 (1) Department of Urology, Homerton University Hospital NHS Trust, Homerton Row, London, E9 6SR,…
Organ No. of cases in 2012 (in 1,000s) Percent of all cancers Prostate 1,112 7.9 Testis 55 0.4 Kidney 338 2.4 Bladder 430 3.1 Based on data from Ref. [2]…
