Localized Disease. Radical nephrectomy was previously the initial standard of care for the treatment of all localized RCCs. The operation involves complete removal of the kidney and suprarenal (adrenal) gland…
Several imaging techniques may be used to evaluate a suspected RCC, including ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), renal angiography, and radionuclide imaging (renography). Related posts: Renal…
Juxtaglomerular Tumor (Reninoma). Juxtaglomerular tumors are rare, benign, renin-secreting masses derived from the juxtaglomerular apparatus. The classic presentation is a young patient (<25 years) with headache and hypertension who is…
Cystogram. A cystogram, obtained using real-time fluoroscopic imaging, may be performed during urodynamics to provide real-time anatomic correlates to filling or voiding. This imaging modality provides a visual correlate to…
Cystometry. In cystometry, fluid is infused into the bladder while intravesical and intraabdominal pressure is documented using urethral and vaginal or rectal catheters. Detrusor pressure is calculated by subtracting intraabdominal…
Like other renal tumors, AMLs are often discovered as incidental findings on axial imaging. Less commonly, the tumors may cause fank pain, hematuria, and a palpable abdominal mass. In rare…
STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE As described above, urethral support from the pelvic floor is essential for maintenance of continence during increases in intraabdominal pressure. In response to aging, multiple vaginal deliveries,…
OTHER FORMS OF URINARY INCONTINENCE Although not as prevalent as the forms of incontinence described previously, other mechanisms of urinary incontinence may occur. Fistulous communication between the bladder and the…
Penetrating bladder injuries mandate surgical exploration to assess for other intraabdominal injuries and to determine if there is damage to the ureters or trigone. To explore injuries, the bladder should…
In adults, the PMC can be consciously suppressed until voiding is desired. Such suppression depends on inputs from cortical areas that include the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and periaqueductal…
