At present, no directed treatment is available to prevent or slow further cyst formation, although several experimental therapies are being studied. Instead, treatment is chiefly directed at reducing the morbidity…
Bosniak III lesions have thickened, often calcified, smooth or irregular walls and septa that possess measureable enhancement (>15 HU). About half of these cysts are malignant, and thus surgical extirpation…
A small subset of patients with horseshoe kidney have concomitant abnormalities in other organ systems. Associated genital abnormalities include hypospadias and undescended testes in males, or vaginal septation and bicornuate…
In most cases, the diagnosis of MCDK is first suspected through prenatal ultrasound. It may be difficult, however, to distinguish MCDK from congenital hydronephrosis, which is more common. In general,…
TREATMENT The primary goal in the treatment of renal hypoplasia is to delay the onset of ESRD. As with any form of progressive renal insufficiency, controlling hypertension is essential because…
Supernumerary kidneys are often asymptomatic and do not affect overall renal function. Thus a significant number of such kidneys may never be discovered or may be noted only as incidental…
Many patients with unilateral renal agenesis have associated abnormalities in other organ systems. Indeed, the absence of a kidney may not even be discovered until an associated abnormality is investigated….
Bilateral renal agenesis is typically diagnosed using prenatal ultrasound. Normally the fetal kidneys can be visualized starting at approximately the twelfth week of gestation. In bilateral renal agenesis, however, no…
Most malrotated kidneys do not require definitive treatment. If significant symptoms persist, however, or if significant hydronephrosis is present, surgical repair of the renal pelvis and/or ureteropelvic junction may be…
The crossed kidney generally lies caudal to the normally positioned kidney and has a ventrally oriented renal pelvis. In 90% of cases, the crossed kidney is fused with the inferior…
