The glomerular capillaries may exhibit several different patterns of involvement. Some tufts appear normal, whereas others appear either segmentally or globally sclerotic. The pattern of global sclerosis may be further…
Although these findings do not eliminate the possibility that hypertension is a primary cause of renal disease, they do suggest that it could account for a smaller number of ESRD…
SUMMARY Based on the above, patients with hypertension and renal disease can be divided into several groups: those with true “essential hypertension” that may result in renal disease; those with…
PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS Patients with HRS often have the typical stigmata of liver disease, which include jaundice, ascites, coagu-lopathies, and occasionally encephalopathy. Effective intraarterial volume depletion causes tachycardia, low-normal blood…
Heart transplantation is the only potential “cure” for a patient with advanced CHF and kidney dysfunction that is thought to be reversible. Differentiating between prerenal state versus renal parenchymal damage…
PROGNOSIS The prognosis is very poor in HRS if treatment is not rapidly provided. Mortality of untreated type I disease, for example, is up to 80% in 2 weeks. Patients…
In patients with atherosclerotic disease, measures should be taken to limit the progression of plaque formation, including smoking cessation and administration of statins. The indications for renal revascularization are controversial,…
In the kidneys, these hormones promote avid reabsorption of salt and water throughout the tubule. In addition, they cause an overall shift in perfusion from short-looped (cortical) to long-looped (juxtamedullary)…
In adults, the prognosis of untreated TTP or HUS is extremely poor, with survival rates of only 10%. With plasma exchange, however, survival rates have improved to 80%, although relapses…
On further investigation, patients are found to have thrombocytopenia, with platelet counts often below 20,000/μL; MAHA, evidenced as numerous schistocytes on a peripheral blood smear; and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)….
