Hypertension
Clinical Presentation 1 An asymptomatic 10-year-old boy is evaluated for hypertension (HTN) diagnosed during a recent physical examination. He does not remember being told about hypertension in the past, and…
Genetic Disorders
Clinical Presentation 1 A 3-year-old boy is evaluated for failure to thrive, muscle weakness, bone pain, and difficulty to walk over the past 10 months. The infant was born at…
Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Disorders
Clinical Presentation 1 A 16-year-old girl with a history of chronic asthma was admitted to the hospital for treatment of status asthmaticus and hyperventilation. A physical examination revealed a well-developed…
Chronic Kidney Disease
Clinical Presentation 1 A 4-year-old boy was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with a 3-day history of nonprojectile vomiting and fever. The patient was also experiencing loss…
Congenital Anomalies of Kidney and Urinary Tract
Clinical Presentation 1 A 2-day-old premature neonate was born with respiratory distress with an Apgar score of 7. His birth weight was 800 g. He was the third live birth…
Urinary Tract Infection
Clinical Presentation 1 The backward flow of urine in patients with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) makes which of the following conditions more likely to develop (select all that apply)? A. Chronic…
Tubulointerstitial Disease
Clinical Presentation 1 A 3-month-old male infant presented to pediatric emergency with poor oral feeding, frequent vomiting, and poor activity for 1 day. He was born at full term with…
Glomerulonephritis
Clinical Presentation 1 A 17-year-old pregnant woman was referred for evaluation of chronic constipation, dehydration, decreased muscle tone, polyuria, and polydipsia. Her last menstrual period was 7 weeks ago. She…
Acute Kidney Injury
Clinical Presentation 1 An otherwise healthy 4-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department because of fever and progressive lethargy. According to the child’s mother, her daughter has been vomiting…
