Anemia and Other Hematologic Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract The prevalence of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases with CKD severity from 20% to 40% in stage 3 to greater than 70% in stage 5….
Bone and Mineral Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) alters the regulation of calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D homeostasis, leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism, elevations in serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), metabolic bone disease,…
Cardiac Function and Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with increased risk seen in individuals with reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and…
Nutrition and Kidney Disease
Abstract As chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses, the requirements and utilization of different nutrients change significantly. Protein energy wasting (PEW), defined as a state of decreased body stores of protein…
Staging and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract The 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guideline update maintained the 2002 KDOQI definition of chronic kidney disease (CKD) but revised the classification to guide management. CKD is…
Development and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract The pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is dependent on the inciting cause, but irrespective of the etiology, there is a consistent pattern of ongoing damage across most forms…
Kidney Disease in the Elderly
Abstract This chapter describes the high prevalence of chronic kidney disease in older adults, age differences in rates of progression to end-stage renal disease, clinical significance of moderate reductions in…
The Kidney in Pregnancy
Abstract Healthy pregnancy produces dramatic changes in kidney function, including alterations in kidney hemodynamic, endocrine, and tubular function. This chapter discusses physiologic changes in the kidneys in pregnancy. We will…
Kidney Diseases in Infants and Children
Abstract Pediatric nephrology has rapidly evolved over the last several decades, with major advances in the pathophysiology, genetics, diagnosis, and treatment of children with kidney diseases. With refined therapeutics, increasing…
Nephrolithiasis
Abstract Nephrolithiasis is common, painful, and costly. The diagnosis is made with a careful history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging, and the evaluation includes blood tests, stone analysis, and…
