Fig. 1.1 Parts of male reproductive system Table 1.1 Outlines the components of the male reproductive system Components of the male reproductive system External genital organ Penis Gonads A pair…
Fig 10.1 Comet assay: human spermatozoa stained with ethidium bromide and observed under fluorescent microscope (400× magnification) Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA) This is a flow-cytometric method which is based…
Fig. 7.1 Step-by-step approach for the clinical management of men with nonobstructive azoospermia seeking fertility (Adapted with permission from Esteves (2015)) 7.2 Differential Diagnosis in Azoospermia Azoospermia is defined based…
Fig. 11.1 Global incidence of curable STIs (millions) (WHO 2008) Studies focusing on human infertility have been more comprehensive with regard to the female’s contribution to compromised fertility, with a…
Pubertal stage Subjects n FSH (μg/dl) LH (μg/dl) T (ng/dl) E2 (ng/dl) PH1 47,XXY 40 8.0 (3.6–23.0) 2.5 (1.3–6.7) 14 (<10–135) 1.0 (<1.0–6.5) Controls 14 9.2 (2.7–30.0) 2.5 (1.5–5.1) 11…
Causes of male infertility (WHO) Idiopathic Isolated abnormalities of semen and sperm parameters Varicocele Immunological infertility Genital tract infection Primary testicular failure Kallmann’s syndrome Klinefelter’s syndrome Cryptorchidism Obstruction Ejaculatory dysfunction…
Sexual history outline Subcomponents History of the presenting complaint Date/mode of onset, situational or global, effect of ongoing/past treatment on sexual function, exacerbations/remissions, any other symptoms in other body systems…
Nonmalignant diseases 1. Adrenoleukodystrophy 2. Alpha-mannosidosis 3. Aplastic anemia 4. Aspartylglucosaminuria 5. Ataxia telangiectasia 6. DiGeorge syndrome 7. Galactosemia 8. Hurler syndrome 9. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 10. Klinefelter syndrome…
Development of human semen cryobanking (1776–1964) (Sherman 1980) Date Contributor Contribution 1776 Spallanzani First low-temperature observations 1866 Mantegazza First suggestion of frozen semen bank 1938 Jahnel −269 °C survival, storage…
Histological changes Reference Physiological germ cell loss, Leydig cell loss Holstein (1989) Reduced dark A spermatogonia, giant spermatids, multinucleated spermatogonia Johnson et al. (1990) Lipid droplets in Sertoli cells, megalospermatocytes…
