Truncus Arteriosus
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Truncus arteriosus is a rare cyanotic cardiac malformation with an incidence of 0.07 per 1000 live births (1.1 percent of all cardiac anomalies), with…
Palliative Operations for Congenital Heart Disease
Introduction Print Section Listen Alfred Blalock and Helen Taussig ushered in the surgical treatment of congenital heart disease with the introduction in clinical practice of a systemic artery-to-pulmonary artery (PA)…
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology The ductus arteriosus is a normal fetal structure, that arises from the left sixth aortic arch, and connects the proximal left main pulmonary artery…
Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect and Major Aortopulmonary Collaterals
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Pulmonary atresia (PA) with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and major aortopulmonary collaterals (MAPCAs) is a complex lesion with great morphologic variability that represents approximately…
Aortopulmonary Window
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Aortopulmonary (AP) window is a rare congenital anomaly, representing 0.2 to 0.5 percent of all cases of congenital heart disease. Pathophysiology An abnormal communication…
Cardiopulmonary Bypass in the Pediatric Patient
Print Section Listen The development of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has enabled operative treatment for countless numbers of patients with a multitude of acquired and congenital cardiac and vascular anomalies. The…
Perioperative Critical Care of the Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patient
Introduction Print Section Listen Perioperative care of the pediatric cardiac surgical patient requires a multidisciplinary team that includes cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, anesthesiologists, and intensivists as well as multiple other support…
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Introduction Print Section Listen The availability of high-field-strength magnets, high-performance-gradient hardware, and ultrafast sequence technology in recent years has transformed cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) into a multifunctional tool. Cardiac…
Echocardiography in Cardiac Surgery
Principles of Echocardiography Print Section Listen Since 1976, echocardiography (echo) has been used to evaluate cardiac structure and function. Echo uses sound in the high-frequency range (2–10 MHz). Frequency ranges…
Ascending and Arch Aneurysms of the Aorta
Print Section Listen “There is no disease more conducive to clinical humility than aneurysms of the aorta.” —Sir William Osler Key Concepts Epidemiology The leading cause of aneurysms of the…
