NIH system [15] University of Toronto System [16] Current authors Grade Features Grade Hepatic features Grade Immuno-suppression Grade Features 1, Silent Without change in ALT H0 No hepatitis, ALT <2 × ULN…
Without immunoprophylaxis With immunoprophylaxis at infancy Infant of HBsAg(+), HBeAg(+) mother >95 % infected, ≥90 % chronicity ratea among infected infants [6] Vaccine + HBIG → 10 % chronic infection [54] Infant of…
Fig. 12.1 (a) Prevalence of HBsAg, detectable HBV DNA, and HBeAg in the REVEAL-HBV cohort by age. (b) Mean serum levels of HBV DNA and HBsAg among HBsAg seropositives in…
Authors (year) [ref.] Study year Patients Follow-up (median; mo) Antiviral agent after HBIG withdraw (no. of patients) Antiviral agent (HBIG continued; no. of patients) HBV recurrence (%) Buit, 2007 [97]…
Fig. 3.1 (a) Four overlapping open reading frames of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were analyzed. Position: “1p/3preS2” means the nucleotide position is codon 1 in polymerase gene and codon 3…
Fig. 16.1 The life cycle of hepatitis B virus (HBV) Fig. 16.2 Mechanisms of action of NUC and IFN First and Second Generation NUC in Naïve Patients Lamivudine LMV was…
Fig. 6.1 Cellular life cycle of HBV. The figure shows a model for the life cycle of hepadnaviruses (adapted from ref. [72]; for a detailed description see ref. [72]). Briefly,…
Fig. 5.1 HBV carcinogenesis . HBV contributes to HCC by (a) insertional mutagenesis due to integration of the viral DNA into host chromosomes; (b) increased genomic instability caused by both…
Fig. 13.1 Schematic representation of the main mechanisms leading in the control of HBV activities and potentially involved in OBI occurrence. In particular, mechanisms related to host’s adaptive (functionally efficient…
Fig. 1.1 HBV DNA structure and genome organization. The inner circle represents the virion rcDNA, and the dashes represent the region of the (+) strand DNA that is yet to…
