Drug class Method of administration, dosage Side effects Surveillance Corticosteroids Oral: prednisone or prednisolone 40 mg/day to 0.8–1 mg/kg/day (single dose) Intravenous: methylprednisolone 0.8–1 mg/kg/day Oral with ileocecal delivery: budesonide…
Primary (idiopathic) constipation Simple constipation Factors include exercise, dietary fiber intake, hydration Chronic constipation Delayed colonic transit and/or pelvic floor dysfunction Constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome Idiopathic megacolon or megarectum…
Fig. 36.1 Surgical stress response depends on perioperative care The metabolic stress response varies widely. It seems to be commensurate with the extent and the type of the surgical procedure…
Fig. 26.1 Plane of excision in total mesorectal excision 26.2.2 Radiotherapy Around the time the TME technique was introduced, several randomized trials explored the effect of radiotherapy (RT) on local…
Diagnostic criteria for functional constipation 1. Must include two or more of the following: (a) Straining during at least 25 % of defecations (b) Lumpy or hard stools in at…
Fig. 27.1 Schematic representation of squamous intraepithelial lesions (From The PRN Notebook vol. 10, no. 4, December 2005 (available at www.prn.org; reprinted without permission). Koilocytes are a typical representation of…
Premalignant Epithelial tumors Adenomas Tubular Tubulovillous Villous Low-grade dysplasia High-grade dysplasia Serrated lesions Hyperplastic polyp Sessile serrated lesion/polyp/adenoma Traditional serrated adenoma Sessile serrated adenoma with conventional dysplasia Hamartomas Cowden-associated polyp…
Fig. 8.1 Uncomplicated pilonidal sinus disease with multiple midline pits Work by Karydakis [3] with 6,000 patients suggests that loose hairs “impale” normal tissue inducing, a foreign body reaction. He…
Fig. 4.1 Anatomic description of the anorectal junction. The rectum specimen is cut longitudinally Several anatomic investigations have demonstrated the existence of arteriovenous communications between the terminal branches of the…
