Fig. 18.1 Upper anal canal (female patient). ST subepithelial tissues, IAS internal anal sphincter, LM longitudinal muscle, PR puborectalis muscle Fig. 18.2 Middle anal canal (female patient). ST subepithelial tissues,…
1. The presence of two or more of the following characteristics during the previous 3 months but with onset at least 6 months previously (a) Straining associated with at least…
Tip Effect Avoid anticipations about negative scenarios It reduces anxiety and fear Explain the patient every step of the visit It reduces the fear of pain Do not fully undress…
Image 21.1 Barloccini, 1849 In 494 B.C.E. the roman consul Menenio Agrippa, during the plebes revolt against the patricians, explained the roman social order with a metaphor about the human…
Fig. 15.1 Standard colonoscope 12.8 mm. Pediatric colonoscope 11.8 mm From the structural point of view, the colonoscope is composed – from the outside inwards – of an outer cover…
Fig. 22.1 Complete mesorectum in a TME specimen showing an intact mesorectal surface with no defects as well as a high tie Fig. 22.2 Incomplete mesorectum in a TMS specimen…
Fig. 3.1 Identification of the ileocolic pedicle According to the Okuda and Nobuhiko classification (Milsom et al. 2006a), the vascular anatomy of this area may be classified into two types…
Fig. 6.1 Pelvic view of the levator ani demonstrating its three main components: puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus. Reprinted with permission from (Canda et al. 2010) Fig. 6.2 Diagram of a coronal…
Fig. 14.1 Examination table configurations for examination positions. (a) Prone jackknife position. (b) Lithoomy position. (c) Left lateral (Sims’ position) 3 Patient Positions 3.1 Prone Jack-Knife Position The prone jackknife…
Fig. 20.1 Anal sphincter electromyography. Individual motor unit action potentials can no longer be seen at higher levels of muscle activation. (a) Normal (full) interference pattern; (b) reduced (neuropathic) interference…
