Critical Fluid and Electrolytic Abnormalities in Clinical Practice Marc A. Pohl POINTS TO REMEMBER: Loss of water from the body should be referred to as dehydration. Loss of salt and…
Hallmarks of Primary and Secondary Hypertension George Thomas Martin J. Schreiber POINTS TO REMEMBER: A complete history, physical examination, basic serum chemistries analysis, urinalysis, and ECG are recommended for the…
Parenchymal Renal Disease Gerald B. Appel POINTS TO REMEMBER: Findings on urinalysis that point to a glomerular origin include erythrocyte casts and dysmorphic erythrocytes. The nephrotic syndrome (NS) is defined…
Acute Kidney Injury Sevag Demirjian Joseph V. Nally POINTS TO REMEMBER: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a rapid decline in renal function characterized by progressive azotemia (clinically measured…
Metabolic Bone Disease and Calcium Disorders Susan E. Williams Leila Khan Krupa B. Doshi Angelo A. Licata POINTS TO REMEMBER: Hypercalcemia There is an extensive list of possible diagnoses for…
Pituitary Disorders and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes Divya Yogi-Morren Sethu S. K. Reddy Amir H. Hamrahian POINTS TO REMEMBER: Pituitary Adenomas Pituitary tumors may present with symptoms of pituitary hypofunction,…
Adrenal Disorders Subramanian Kannan Sethu Reddy, Amir Hamrahian POINTS TO REMEMBER: Adrenal Insufficiency Autoimmune adrenal disease and exogenous glucocorticoids are the most common cause of primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency…
Diabetes Mellitus: Control and Complications Robert S. Zimmerman POINTS TO REMEMBER: Screening Fasting blood glucose (FBG) remains the screening test of choice for diabetes mellitus (DM) FBG ≥ 126 mg/dL…
Female and Male Reproductive Disorders Adi E. Mehta POINTS TO REMEMBER: Androgen Excess Androgen excess is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women and is the most common…
Thyroid Disorders Christian Nasr Charles Faiman POINTS TO REMEMBER: Thyroid Function Tests and Screening Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is the most useful thyroid function screening for primary disorders of the…
