Critical Fluid and Electrolytic Abnormalities in Clinical Practice Marc A. Pohl POINTS TO REMEMBER: Loss of water from the body should be referred to as dehydration. Loss of salt and…
Hallmarks of Primary and Secondary Hypertension George Thomas Martin J. Schreiber POINTS TO REMEMBER: A complete history, physical examination, basic serum chemistries analysis, urinalysis, and ECG are recommended for the…
Parenchymal Renal Disease Gerald B. Appel POINTS TO REMEMBER: Findings on urinalysis that point to a glomerular origin include erythrocyte casts and dysmorphic erythrocytes. The nephrotic syndrome (NS) is defined…
Acute Kidney Injury Sevag Demirjian Joseph V. Nally POINTS TO REMEMBER: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a rapid decline in renal function characterized by progressive azotemia (clinically measured…
Endocrinology Question 1 A patient being screened for intermittent diarrhea has a T4 (total) value of 19.6 µg/dL (normal, 5.0 to 10.5). No other features of hyperthyroidism are present; no…
Metabolic Bone Disease and Calcium Disorders Susan E. Williams Leila Khan Krupa B. Doshi Angelo A. Licata POINTS TO REMEMBER: Hypercalcemia There is an extensive list of possible diagnoses for…
Pituitary Disorders and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes Divya Yogi-Morren Sethu S. K. Reddy Amir H. Hamrahian POINTS TO REMEMBER: Pituitary Adenomas Pituitary tumors may present with symptoms of pituitary hypofunction,…
Adrenal Disorders Subramanian Kannan Sethu Reddy, Amir Hamrahian POINTS TO REMEMBER: Adrenal Insufficiency Autoimmune adrenal disease and exogenous glucocorticoids are the most common cause of primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency…
Diabetes Mellitus: Control and Complications Robert S. Zimmerman POINTS TO REMEMBER: Screening Fasting blood glucose (FBG) remains the screening test of choice for diabetes mellitus (DM) FBG ≥ 126 mg/dL…
Female and Male Reproductive Disorders Adi E. Mehta POINTS TO REMEMBER: Androgen Excess Androgen excess is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women and is the most common…
