Fig. 8.1 The development of science and technology greatly improved the practice of primary biliary cholangitis. The scientific achievements based on basic research and clinical investigation have significantly changed the…
Fig. 2.1 The cholangiocyte glycocalyx forms a biliary surface microclimate pH regulatory system stabilizing the “biliary HCO3 − umbrella.” The 20–40 nm glycocalyx on the apical membrane of a cholangiocyte…
Fig. 9.1 Phenotypic characteristics. Sclerosing cholangitis represents the development of multifocal stricturing throughout the biliary tree (a). Such changes can be subtle, and the gold standard radiological method of detection…
Drugs Putative mechanism of DILI Genetic factor associated with susceptibility to DILI Androgenic and anabolic steroids 17-alkyl-substituted steroids are associated with disaggregation and/or detachment of microfilaments from the bile canalicular…
Fig. 11.1 Pie chart illustrating the contribution of genetic, shared and individual environmental factors to gallstone disease in twins. Structural equation modelling was used to estimate the quantitative effects of…
Histological feature Examples/comments Bile ducts Bile duct injury e.g. lymphocytic/granulomatous cholangitis in PBC, fibrosing cholangiopathy in PSC Bile duct loss Ductular reaction Mainly at periphery of portal tracts (marginal ductular…
Fig. 12.1 Classification of IgG4-SC by cholangiographic features [2] Particular cholangiographic features have been reported as favouring a diagnosis of IgG4-SC, including long strictures, multifocal strictures and mild upstream dilatation…
Type of genetic aberration Gene iCCA eCCA Copy number alterations MYC MDM2 EGFR KRAS CCND1/CCND3 AKT3 FGFR1/3 Deletions CDKN2A UTY KDM5D Fusion genes FGFR2 6–45% 0% ATP1B 2.5% 0% Mutations…
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017Gideon Hirschfield, David Adams and Evaggelia Liaskou (eds.)Biliary Disease10.1007/978-3-319-50168-0_13 13. Conclusions and Future Opportunities David Adams1 and Evaggelia Liaskou1 (1) Centre for Liver Research NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy,…
Mouse model Presence of AMA Liver phenotype Limitations/Comments Reference Spontaneous models: genetically modified mice dnTGFβRII mice + Lymphoid cell infiltration of portal tracts, bile duct injury, liver fibrosis No information…
