Fig. 1.1 Neuroanatomical organization of the ANS. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers (red). Sympathetic postganglionic fibers (green). Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers (blue). Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers (yellow) Fig. 1.2 Baroreflex. A negative feedback loop…
Fig. 5.1 Template of a bladder diary, complete over at least 48 hrs The complete diagnostic work-up of urological autonomic failure is summarized in Fig. 5.2. Fig. 5.2 Neurogenic bladder:…
Fig. 7.1 (a) Admission CT scan showing temporal right contrecoup hemorrhage, right subdural hematoma, subarachnoidal hematoma, and basal skull fracture. (b) Autonomic monitoring day 1: fluctuations of heart rate, blood…
Fig. 6.1 Aetiology of gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction (Modified from Bittinger et al. [3] with permission from Springer Science and Media) Fig. 6.2 Gastrointestinal manifestations arising from autonomic dysfunction [12] For…
Adapted from Benarroch [1] Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction and disease may affect only one organ or system but may be an important feature of underlying neurological disorder [2]. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction…
Drug class Common examples Mechanism Anticholinesterases Pyridostigmine Cholinesterase inhibition Antidepressants: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Citalopram Serotonergic effect on the hypothalamus or spinal cord Duloxetine Escitalopram Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Mirtazapine Paroxetine Trazodone …
1. Have sleep habits changed? Duration, quality, onset of sleep, sleep interruptions, and nightmares? 2. Daytime sleepiness? Particularly in the morning? Afternoon naps? 3. Increase in blood pressure in the…
Symptom Alternative etiology Cardiovascular Orthostatic intolerance: Symptoms due to cerebral, retinal, or global hypoperfusion: Light-headedness, unclear thinking Blurred vision, loss of peripheral and color vision, darkened vision Coat hanger or…
