Overview Only a small proportion of patients attending general nephrology clinics will eventually progress to stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD). Up to 25% of patients starting renal replacement therapy…
Overview Dysuria is usually urinary tract infection-related, but it can be due to urethritis (e.g. chlamydia, herpes) or vaginitis (e.g. Trichomonas spp). Asymptomatic bacteriuria does not generally need treatment except…
Overview The overall incidence of anaemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3, 4 and 5 is around 12%. Anaemia of CKD can start to develop when the estimated glomerular…
