Introduction Print Section Listen Hernias are so ubiquitous that even in this era of superspecialization, hernia repairs belong to the general surgeon. The history of hernia repairs reflects the evolution…

Introduction Print Section Listen Prior to the late 1800’s, the function of endocrine glands was unknown. Surgeons excised the thyroid gland for severe goiters, but operative mortality was over 40%…

Introduction Print Section Listen While breast cancer has been recognized as a disease process since the Egyptians described it in 3000 BC,1 treatment is generally thought to have originated with…

Introduction Print Section Listen Critical care medicine traces its origins to the Crimean War of the 1850s, when Florence Nightingale designated a separate treatment space for the most severely wounded…

Introduction Print Section Listen Trauma is the oldest surgical subspecialty. Prehistoric evidence demonstrates early techniques for suturing lacerations, performing amputations, and setting fractures. Trephined skulls hint at early surgical attempts…

Overview Print Section Listen A comprehensive literature review is essential for understanding and applying evidence-based medicine. This chapter seeks to equip the busy surgeon with a core set of techniques…