Basics of Robotic Surgery
Evolution of the Robot: a Brief Journey Through Time The Robot Institute of America (1979) defined the robot as “a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools or…
UROLOGY
Methods of Nerve Block
Pharmacology The commonly used local anesthetics, such as lidocaine and bupivacaine, are amides. Ester class anesthetics, such as procaine, cocaine, tetracaine, and benzocaine, have limited clinical use as a result…
Suture Techniques
The aim of suturing is to hold tissues together with the least interference with their blood supply. Apply the technique most suitable for the tissue, but use the smallest size…
Bowel Stapling and Closure Techniques
Introduction Intestinal division and anastomosis was revolutionized by the development of surgical stapling devices over the past 100 years. The first surgical stapler for bowel surgery was created in 1908…
Basic Laparoscopy
Laparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive technique where surgery is performed inside the abdomen using endoscopic cameras, small-diameter instruments, and access ports all through small incisions in a gas-distended environment….
Surgical Basics
Strategy and Tactics Perhaps at no time since the advent of transurethral prostatectomy by Dr. Hugh Hampton Young more than a century ago has the repertoire of urologic techniques advanced…
Retrograde Ureteroscopy in the Treatment of Upper Urinary Tract Lithiasis
6.1 Generalities Ureteral calculi were first mentioned by Ambroise Pare in 1564. He also described impaction of stones in both ureters as a cause of death ( ). Although ureteral…
Retrograde Ureteroscopy in the Treatment of Ureteral Stenoses
9.1 History The advances achieved in the ureteroscopic techniques, the design of the ureteroscopes, and working instruments have made the endoscopic management of ureteral strictures a reasonable alternative to open…
Retrograde Ureteroscopy for the Treatment of Upper Urinary Tract Tumors
8.1 Generalities The continuous development of endourological techniques has led to their use as an alternative for upper urinary tract tumoral lesions. Thus, the progress regarding the equipment and the…
Diagnostic Ureteroscopy
4.1 Generalities In selected cases in which clinical, laboratory, and/or imagistic data are equivocal, establishing a correct diagnosis may require the endoscopic exploration of the upper urinary tract. Due to…
