Fig. 20.1 Histology of a tubercular lesion with caseation, multinucleated giant cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes Pathogenesis An active extrarectal tuberculous lesion or a history of previous infection can usually be…

Fig. 13.1 Fistula plug placement. The fistula tract is identified and curetted. A silk tie is then placed through the tract. The tie is then affixed to the fistula plug…

Type Percent Subcutaneous 10–15 Low anal 60–70 High anal 15 Anorectal ischiorectal pelvic rectal 5 Submucosa, high intermuscular Very rare Fig. 7.1 The classification of anal fistulas. (a) Intersphincteric. (b)…

  Never Rarely Sometimes Weekly Daily Incontinence for solid stool 0 1 2 3 4 Incontinence for liquid stool 0 1 2 3 4 Incontinence for gas 0 1 2…

Fig. 2.1 Overview of the pelvic floor muscles and anal sphincters seen from below The pubococcygeus originates from the posterior inferior aspect of the pubis and the inner anterior surface…

Fig. 6.1 Goodsall’s rule states that anal fistula with anterior secondary openings tend to follow a straight radial trajectory to a primary opening in the anal canal at the level…

Fig. 18.1 Scheme of the mechanism of action of allogeneic eASCs in the tract of the anal fistula: anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effect in an inflamed local environment (Courtesy of María…

Fig. 16.1 Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract. Reprinted with permission [3]. (a) Introduction of fistula probe through the tract. (b) Dissection of intersphincteric groove and identification of fibrotic fistula tract….

Fig. 15.1 Dermal flap for treatment of anal fistula. (a) Flap is marked out, incorporating both the internal and external fistula openings. (b) Originating crypt is excised and flap is…