Fig. 13.1 Ring pessary Fig. 13.2 Space-filling Shelf and Gellhorn pessaries Fig. 13.3 Cube pessary The selection of a pessary depends on several factors. Efficacy is paramount, but most try…

Fig. 5.1 A frequency-volume chart, with the amount of fluid intake and volume of urine emptied. “x” denotes the leak episodes Equipment The test needs to be scheduled in a…

Advancing age Diabetes Obesity Neurological disorders Female gender Urinary incontinence Caucasian race Chronic diarrhea Multiple vaginal births Constipation Sphincter tear with delivery Pelvic organ prolapse Surgical procedures (colectomy, sphincterotomy) Gastrointestinal…

History  Urinary tract: details of storage and voiding symptoms, urinary infections  Gastrointestinal tract: any constipation or encopresis  Neurological evaluation: neurological screening, lower limb and higher function assessment  Gynecological evaluation: assess…

Fig. 3.1 Spinal cord neurons. The afferent and efferent neurons of the spinal cord and relation with interneurons Specific areas in the brain which are involved in control of micturition…

Vaginal approach Abdominal approach Vaginal hysterectomy + McCall culdoplasty Abdominal sacrocolpopexy Sacrospinous ligament suspension Abdominal sacrohysteropexy High uterosacral ligament suspension Abdominal uterosacral suspension Iliococcygeus fixation High levator myorrhaphy Vaginal Approach In most…

Fig. 14.1 Discrete defects of the anterior and posterior vaginal wall (midline, paravaginal, transverse and distal defects) Midline Defects Midline or central defects arise from defects in the pubocervical fascia…

Fig. 16.1 Perigee system In response to safety concerns raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory statement [6, 7], first-generation mesh kits that involved relatively blind needle…

Fig. 2.1 Neuron – the basic nerve unit Fig. 2.2 Neuronal synapse – release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft In order to communicate, a presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter,…

Type of tear Definition First degree Injury to the perineal skin Second degree Injury to the perineum involving the perineal muscles, but not involving the anal sphincter Third degree Injury…