Management of Azoospermia
TESA Mapping TESE Micro TESE Sperm retrieval rate (%) 49.5 47 45 62 Advantages Simple Can be repeated Less cost Simple Gives a guide to subsequent biopsy No microsurgical…
UROLOGY
Ejaculatory Dysfunction: Retrograde Ejaculation
Fig. 7.1 Neural pathways involved in ejaculation While retrograde ejaculation is classically attributed to failure of bladder neck coaptation, there has been evidence that this is not the causative process in…
Medical and Lifestyle Approaches to Improving Semen Quality
Test Value Reference range FSH (mIU/mL) 4 4–10 LH (mIU/mL) 5 4–12 Testosteronea (ng/dL) 198 250–1000 Estrogen (pg/mL) 25 10–40 Prolactin (ng/mL) 10 2–18 aDrawn on two separate occasions before…
Managing Infertility Due to Endocrine Causes
Fig. 5.1 The hypothalamo–pituitary–testicular axis. The negative influence is shown with dash lines. E 2 Estradiol; FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone; LH luteinizing hormone; AMH Anti-Müllerian hormone; “?” means that the action and…
Free Radicals in Andrology
Fig. 1.1 Factors contributing to oxidative stress-induced male infertility (Copyright license provided) Like all other living cells, spermatozoa require oxygen for survival. However, excessive exposure to oxygen metabolites can alter…
Biochemistry of Coenzyme Q10
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017Giancarlo Balercia, Loredana Gandini, Andrea Lenzi and Francesco Lombardo (eds.)Antioxidants in AndrologyTrends in Andrology and Sexual Medicine10.1007/978-3-319-41749-3_2 2. Biochemistry of Coenzyme Q10 Gian Paolo Littarru1, Francesca Bruge1 and Luca Tiano1 (1) Department of Clinical and Dental…
Coenzyme Q10 in Male Infertility
Before After Variation P Seminal CoQ10 (μg/ml) 0.019 (0.016–0.028) 0.017 (0.007–0.068) 0.005 (−0.014–0.047) NS Sperm cells CoQ10 (ng/106 sperm cells) 2.32 ± 1.06 7.44 ± 2.40 5.12 ± 2.38…
Carnitine in Male Infertility
Fig. 3.1 The mitochondrial carnitine system. CoA coenzyme A, CAT carnitine acetyltransferase, CPT I carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, CPT II carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, CACT carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase 3.2 Carnitine in Male Infertility…
Antioxidants in Male Sexual Dysfunctions
Fig. 6.1 Metabolic pathways involved in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis When ROS concentrations exceed the body’s scavenging abilities, O2– reacts with NO, leading to the production of reactive nitrogen species…
Antioxidants in Male Accessory Gland Infection
Factor Description A Clinical history of: Urinary tract infection Epididymitis Sexually transmitted infection Physical signs: Thickened or tender epididymis Tender vas deferens Abnormal digital rectal examination B Prostatic fluid: Abnormal…
