Fig. 11.1 Patient ready for ECIRS in the Galdakao-modified supine Valdivia position Fig. 11.2 Adequate padding of the legs’ stirrups to prevent pressure damages Check according to your internal hospital…

Fig. 19.1 Setup of laser frequency and energy (a) and of the combined ballistic/ultrasound lithotripsy device (b) 19.2 Operating Room Preparation Care should be taken to prepare the operating room…

Fig. 18.1 (a) Contrast from antegrade approach only; (b) contrast added from combined antegrade and retrograde approaches helps to map the length and severity of a ureteral stenosis Moreover, a…

Fig. 7.1 Bilateral weak radiopaque staghorn stones in a patient with cystinuria. The patient was referred with bilateral JJ stents 7.2.1.2 Intravenous Urography (IVU) Traditionally, IVU was the preferred imaging…

Fig. 23.1 Microperc set with the all-seeing needle (a) and flexible micro-optics (b) with the final vision of the percutaneous access after the needle removal (c) 23.2 Microperc and the…

Fig. 14.1 Laser vaporization of a stone (high frequency and low energy) Fig. 14.2 Laser fragmentation of a stone (low frequency and high energy) The second one aims at obtaining…

Fig. 6.1 Drawing of the anatomical location of the kidneys in the retroperitoneum (a) (© Carole Fumat); coronal macrosection from a formalin-fixed cadaver at the level of the adrenal space…

Fig. 16.1 Child arranged in the Galdakao-modified supine Valdivia position with reference lines for the renal puncture 16.4 Obese Patients Obesity has been identified as an independent risk factor for…

Kidney stones >2 cm Cystine kidney stones ≥1.5 cm Lower pole stones >1.5 cm or with an unfavourable infundibular angle Stones in anatomical abnormalities suitable for percutaneous resolution (calyceal diverticula,…

Fig. 2.1 The puzzle of PNL history [6, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 42] Between 1976 and 1979 the author, the radiologist Rolf Günther and the urologist Gerd Hutschenreiter…