Intestinal Diarrhea Biliary fistula Pancreatic fistula Villous adenoma Gastrointestinal (GI)–ureteral connections Ureterosigmoidostomy Ureterojejunostomy Ureteroileostomy Drugs Laxatives Cholestyramine Before we discuss the pathophysiology of diarrhea, it is essential to understand water…
Extrarenal loss Renal loss Gastrointestinal losses Na + loss by the normal kidney Vomiting Diuretics Diarrhea Adrenal insufficiency Nasogastric suction Decreased renin production Fistulas Na + loss by the abnormal…
Fig. 3.1 Cellular model for Na+ entry into the first half (early part) of the proximal tubule. Note that many of these mechanisms are also present in the second half…
Fig. 23.1 Mg2+ homeostasis in an adult subject. (Filtered load of Mg2+ equals plasma free Mg2+ concentration of 1.1 mg/dL times GFR of 180 L/day; i.e., 180 L × 11 mg/L = 1,980 mg/day. Note that the intake of…
Cause Mechanism Shift from extracellular to intracellular compartment Glucose Transcellular distribution Insulin Transcellular distribution Catecholamines Transcellular distribution Hyperalimentation Glucose-induced cellular uptake Respiratory alkalosis Transcellular distribution Refeeding syndrome Glucose and insulin-induced…
Form mg/dL Percentage of total Total 10 100 Ionized 5 50 Protein-bound 4 40 Complexed 1 10 Ca2+ plays a significant role in cellular metabolic functions; such as muscle and…
Cause Mechanism Decreased intake Protein-calorie malnutrition Poor Mg2+ intake Starvation Poor Mg2+ intake Prolonged i.v. therapy without Mg2+ Poor Mg2+ intake Chronic alcoholism Possible mechanisms include: (1) poor dietary intake;…
Fig. 20.1 Phosphate homeostasis in an adult subject. (The filtered load of phosphate equals the free plasma concentration of 3.5 mg/dL multiplied by the GFR of 180 L per day, i.e., 180 L × 35 mg/L = 6,300 mg/day.)…
Type pCO2 (mmHg) Expected secondary response (compensation) Expected serum [HCO3 −] pH (calculated from Henderson equation) Normal 40 – 24 7.40 Acute 70a For each mmHg increase in pCO2, HCO3…
Cause Mechanism Pseudohypocalcemia MRI with contrast agents (gadodiamide and gadoversetamide) interferes with colorimetric determination of Ca2+ Low serum albumin levels (for each gram decrease in serum albumin from 4.0 g/dL, serum…
