Overview Urinary protein excretion of <150 mg/day is normal (∼30 mg of this is albumin and about 70–100 mg is Tamm-Horsfall (muco)protein, derived from the proximal renal tubule). Protein excretion can rise transiently…

Overview Patients need to be given timely information about prognosis and quality of life, whether they are on dialysis, choose to stop or even choose not to start dialysis in…

Overview Only a small proportion of patients attending general nephrology clinics will eventually progress to stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD). Up to 25% of patients starting renal replacement therapy…

Overview Dysuria is usually urinary tract infection-related, but it can be due to urethritis (e.g. chlamydia, herpes) or vaginitis (e.g. Trichomonas spp). Asymptomatic bacteriuria does not generally need treatment except…