Fig. 25.1 Physiological function and functional reserve. (a) The natural decline of organ function (physiological function), basic physiologic needs and functional reserve. (b) The influence of co-morbidity on organ function…
Contraindications to R0 Resection Tumors involving the sciatic nerve Tumors encasing the common and/or external iliac arteries Tumors obstructing the bilateral ureters Tumors causing extensive fixation to the lateral pelvic…
Fig. 4.1 Transanal excision of early-stage rectal adenocarcinoma. (a) A single piece of transanal excision specimen with a suture denoting the proximal end. (b) Section shows a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma invades…
Tools to improve cancer care Strengths Weaknesses Randomised trials Proof of treatment effects Selection bias, high costs, time-consuming, confounding factors Evidence based guidelines/ consensus Create awareness, focus on key treatments…
Fig. 28.1 Colorectal anastomosis with transmesenteric passage of the transverse colon and closure of the peritoneal defect This procedure was first described in 1961 by André Toupet [17, 18]. At…
Diameter (cm) Metastatic potential (%) <1.0 3–5 1.0–1.9 10–30 ≥2.0 >75 Adapted from Koura et al. [12], Grossmann et al. [219] The majority of diagnosed rectal carcinoids (65–80 %) will…
Author Year Number of patients Therapy RR (%) p-value PFS (mos) p-value OS (mos) p-value 5–FU and leucovorin vs. capecitabine de Gramont [43] 1997 216 Bolus 5-FU/LV 14 0.0004 5.5…
Time definition Perspective No of patients Costs/charges included Cost/charges as reported in original studya Costs/charges in 2014 U.S. $ Lifetime and treatment–phase specific costs Lang et al. [12] Initial:…
Fig. 23.1 Conceptual model of QoL (Adapted from the model first devised by Wilson and Cleary [8], and later revised by Ferrans et al. [9]) The way the model works…
Fig. 7.1 This MR image shows a T3N1V1 mid rectal tumour with a potentially involved circumferential margin. There is a plaque of high signal intensity in the presacral space. The…
