Fig. 6.1 Cellular life cycle of HBV. The figure shows a model for the life cycle of hepadnaviruses (adapted from ref. [72]; for a detailed description see ref. [72]). Briefly,…

Fig. 5.1 HBV carcinogenesis . HBV contributes to HCC by (a) insertional mutagenesis due to integration of the viral DNA into host chromosomes; (b) increased genomic instability caused by both…

Fig. 13.1 Schematic representation of the main mechanisms leading in the control of HBV activities and potentially involved in OBI occurrence. In particular, mechanisms related to host’s adaptive (functionally efficient…

Fig. 1.1 HBV DNA structure and genome organization. The inner circle represents the virion rcDNA, and the dashes represent the region of the (+) strand DNA that is yet to…

Fig. 11.1 Serological course of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. The initial immune tolerant phase is characterized by a high level of HBV replication, HBeAg positivity, and a normal ALT….

Fig. 14.1 Hepatitis B life cycle, showing nuclear and cytoplasmic stages of HBV infection and sites of action for current and future HBV treatments Two forms of RNA molecule are…

Fig. 9.1 GlobalHepatitis B Prevalence 2005 (adults 19–45 years old). Source: J.J. Ott et al./Vaccine 30 (2012) 2212–2219 About 60 % of the global population lives in areas of high…

Fig. 7.1 (a) Schematic representation of the HBV virions, HDV virions, and HBV subviral particles (SVPs). The HBV DNA genome and the HDV RNA genomes are represented as circular molecules….

Phase Lab characteristics Acute HBV infection – HBsAg positive <6 months, anti-HBc IgM positive – HBeAg positive, HBV DNA positive – Normal ALT or elevated ALT (symptomatic patients have usually…