Fig. 9.1 Simplified scheme of the two major pathways for the synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol and for their recycling. The “neutral” pathway starts with conversion of cholesterol to…
Fig. 12.1 A schema of bile acid signaling in pancreatic acinar cells. Extracellular bile acid enters pancreatic acinar cells through Na+-dependent transporter Ntcp at the luminal membrane and Na+-independent transporter…
Fig. 4.1 Nuclear receptors regulate bile acid metabolism. Nuclear receptors that regulate expression of genes involved in bile acid metabolism are shown. FXR, PXR, and VDR respond to bile acids….
Fig. 3.1 Enzymatic hydrolysis and micellar solubilization of dietary lipids. BA conjugated bile acid, C cholesterol, CE cholesterol ester, DG diacylglycerol, FFA free fatty acid, LPC lysophosphatidylcholine, MG monoacylglycerol, PC…
1. Elevated cholestatic liver enzymes (e.g., alkaline phosphatase) 2. Detectable antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) in sera 3. The presence of chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis The diagnosis of PBC is made if…
Fig. 2.1 Bile acid transporters. In hepatocytes, bile acids are absorbed from the sinusoid by NTCP, and in part by OATPs, and are secreted into the bile canaliculus by BSEP….
Fig. 6.1 Food bolus impaction above an esophageal stricture Esophageal Strictures A variety of conditions can cause benign esophageal strictures. The most commonly found and clinically significant conditions are listed in…
Fig. 8.1 a Wide open pylorus after surgical pyloroplasty. b Appearance of a surgical pyloroplasty done more than 60 years previously, in a 100-year old patient After antrectomy, the remaining mid-stomach needs…
Esophagus Esophageal cancer – Squamous cell – Adenocarcinoma Gastric cardia cancer GE junction cancer Esophageal intramural neoplasia (GIST) Extrinsic tumor compression – Mediastinal tumors – Lymphoma – Lung cancer –…
Fig. 3.1 Natural history of portal hypertension: annual risks of varices and variceal Endoscopy plays a critical role in every aspect of the management of patients with varices and variceal hemorrhage…
