Fig. 11.1 Pie chart illustrating the contribution of genetic, shared and individual environmental factors to gallstone disease in twins. Structural equation modelling was used to estimate the quantitative effects of…
Histological feature Examples/comments Bile ducts Bile duct injury e.g. lymphocytic/granulomatous cholangitis in PBC, fibrosing cholangiopathy in PSC Bile duct loss Ductular reaction Mainly at periphery of portal tracts (marginal ductular…
Fig. 12.1 Classification of IgG4-SC by cholangiographic features [2] Particular cholangiographic features have been reported as favouring a diagnosis of IgG4-SC, including long strictures, multifocal strictures and mild upstream dilatation…
Type of genetic aberration Gene iCCA eCCA Copy number alterations MYC MDM2 EGFR KRAS CCND1/CCND3 AKT3 FGFR1/3 Deletions CDKN2A UTY KDM5D Fusion genes FGFR2 6–45% 0% ATP1B 2.5% 0% Mutations…
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017Gideon Hirschfield, David Adams and Evaggelia Liaskou (eds.)Biliary Disease10.1007/978-3-319-50168-0_13 13. Conclusions and Future Opportunities David Adams1 and Evaggelia Liaskou1 (1) Centre for Liver Research NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy,…
Mouse model Presence of AMA Liver phenotype Limitations/Comments Reference Spontaneous models: genetically modified mice dnTGFβRII mice + Lymphoid cell infiltration of portal tracts, bile duct injury, liver fibrosis No information…
Disorder Gender distribution Incidence rates Prevalence rates Extrahepatic biliary atresia Girls > boys Per 10,000 live births: French Polynesia 3.2 Taiwan 1.32–1.65 Japan 1.03–1.08 USA 0.65–0.85 Sweden 0.71 Australia 0.70…
Differential diagnosis Investigation Results Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency Level and protein phenotype Low alpha-1 antitrypsin level PiZZ phenotype Hypothyroidism TFT’s Raised TSH Low T4 Hypopituitarism TFT, cortisol, glucose Low TSH, cortisol…
Fig. 5.1 Diagnostic value of microbiome indices in type 2 diabetes and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve to identify type 2 diabetes (left) and primary…
Fig. 14.1 (a) MRC images suspicious for a dominant stenosis in the mid bile duct (arrow). (b) Follow-up ERCP showed no evidence of stenosis in the bile duct (arrow) The…
