Persons born between 1945 and 1965 Persons with risk behaviors, exposures, and conditions associated with an increased risk of HCV infection • Risk behaviors   – Injection-drug use (current or ever)   – Intranasal illicit…

Fig. 9.1 Annual number of cases of hepatitis A in the USA according to the CDC Worldwide, approximately 1.5 million clinical cases of hepatitis A occur annually but the rate…

Grade ECOG 0 Fully active, able to carry all pre-disease performance without restriction 1 Restricted in physically strenuous activity but ambulatory and able to carry out work of a light…

Moderate-to-marked elevation in aminotransferases Mild elevation in aminotransferases Ischemic injurya, b Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Toxic injurya, b Alcoholic hepatitis Acute viral hepatitisa, c, d Pharmacology Acute biliary obstructiona, d,…

Fig. 20.1 Clinical algorithm for the evaluation of possible HFE-related hereditary hemochromatosis The recommended cutoff for TS is 45 %—higher values are considered abnormal and warrant further evaluation. Note that…

Fig. 16.1 Asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis: a study of its natural history and prognosis. Spring J, Cauch-Dudek K, O’Rourke K, et al. Am J Gastro. 1999; 94(1): 47–53 Fig. 16.2…

  Management No varices Repeat endoscopy in 3 years (sooner if decompensation occurs) Small varices In a CTP B/C patient or varices with red signs Nonselective β-blockers (propranolol or nadolol)…

Phenotype Histological features Example agents Acute fatty liver with lactic acidosis Microvesicular hepatic steatosis ± other tissue involvement Didanosine, Fialuridine, Valproate Acute hepatic necrosis Collapse and necrosis of liver parenchyma…

Phenotype Alpha-1 antirtypsin serum level (% of normal) [36] Risk of emphysema Risk of liver disease Pi*ZZ 12–15 % High High Pi*MZ 69–85 % Minimally increased Slightly increased Pi*SZ 33–39…

Fig. 13.1 Mechanisms for ALD: “2nd Hit” Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Oxidative stress is an imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants (Reviewed-[5]). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species…