Fig. 35.1 Topography of perineal nerve distribution: (a) iliohypogastric area; (b) pudendal nerve area; (c) inferior cluneal nerve area Pudendal nerve area Iliohypogastric area Inferior cluneal nerve area Third, the…

Fig. 20.1 An endometriotic nodule infiltrating the intestinal wall to the submucosal layer. (a) lumen reduction, (b) fibrotic core 20.2 Incidence and Epidemiology Endometriosis affects 6–10 % of all women…

Drug class Method of administration, dosage Side effects Surveillance Corticosteroids Oral: prednisone or prednisolone 40 mg/day to 0.8–1 mg/kg/day (single dose) Intravenous: methylprednisolone 0.8–1 mg/kg/day Oral with ileocecal delivery: budesonide…

Primary (idiopathic) constipation  Simple constipation Factors include exercise, dietary fiber intake, hydration  Chronic constipation Delayed colonic transit and/or pelvic floor dysfunction Constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome Idiopathic megacolon or megarectum…

Fig. 36.1 Surgical stress response depends on perioperative care The metabolic stress response varies widely. It seems to be commensurate with the extent and the type of the surgical procedure…

Fig. 26.1 Plane of excision in total mesorectal excision 26.2.2 Radiotherapy Around the time the TME technique was introduced, several randomized trials explored the effect of radiotherapy (RT) on local…

Diagnostic criteria for functional constipation  1. Must include two or more of the following:   (a) Straining during at least 25 % of defecations   (b) Lumpy or hard stools in at…

  Points 1 2 3 Number of polyps 1–4 5–20 >20 Polyp size (mm) 1–4 5–10 >10 Histology Tubulous Tubulovillous Villous Degree of dysplasia Mild Moderate Severe Stage 0: 0…

Fig. 27.1 Schematic representation of squamous intraepithelial lesions (From The PRN Notebook vol. 10, no. 4, December 2005 (available at www.​prn.​org; reprinted without permission). Koilocytes are a typical representation of…

Premalignant Epithelial tumors Adenomas Tubular Tubulovillous Villous Low-grade dysplasia High-grade dysplasia Serrated lesions Hyperplastic polyp Sessile serrated lesion/polyp/adenoma Traditional serrated adenoma Sessile serrated adenoma with conventional dysplasia Hamartomas Cowden-associated polyp…