Exstrophy and Epispadias—Modern Staged Approach EZEKIEL E. YOUNG JOHN P. GEARHART BRIAN M. INOYUYE Bladder exstrophy is a rare, severe congenital defect that affects the lower urinary tract, genitalia, abdominal…
Renal Fusion and Ectopia ROSS M. DECTER AMY S. BURNS Abnormalities of renal position and fusion predispose to infection, hydronephrosis, stone disease, and, in some instances, neoplasia. Although clinical problems…
Vesical Neck Reconstruction JOHN C. POPE IV JOHN H. MAKARI Prior to toilet training, the functions of the lower urinary tract include storage of urine at low pressure and good…
Pyeloplasty MEGAN S. SCHOBER KEVIN M. FEBER EVAN J. KASS Improved antenatal ultrasonography techniques have clearly been a factor in identifying collecting system dilation in the neonatal period. Obstruction is…
Prune Belly (Triad) Syndrome DAVID B. JOSEPH Triad syndrome—the clinical association of a thin flaccid abdominal wall, undescended testes, and bladder hypertrophy with hydroureters—was originally described in 1895 by Parker…
Megaureter CHRISTOPHER J. LONG J. CHRISTOPHER AUSTIN DOUGLAS A. CANNING Megaureter is a relatively rare congenital anomaly of the urinary tract. We define a megaureter as having a diameter that…
Ureteroceles RICHARD N. YU CHESTER J. KOH DAVID A. DIAMOND Ureteroceles are congenital cystic dilations of the intravesical submucosal ureter. They are more commonly found in female children and are…
Colonic Orthotopic Bladder Substitution JOACHIM W. THÜROFF LUDGER FRANZARING Orthotopic bladder substitution can be realized from ileum only or from colonic segments either alone (1,2) or in combination with small…
Endoscopic Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux ANGELA M. ARLEN ANDREW J. KIRSCH Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract and is…
Transureteroureterostomy AARON D. MARTIN H. GIL RUSHTON Ureteral surgery and various conditions, including trauma, stricture, neoplasm, or a previous failed surgical procedure, can render a ureter inadequate for successful ureteroureterostomy…
