Is It Helpful to Diagnose a Triple Acid-Base Disturbance? (Or Is It Just a Mental Exercise?) If nephrologists love ratios, they get absolutely ecstatic over complex acid-base disturbances. Back in…
What Is the Meaning of the Urine-to-Plasma Creatinine Ratio? Nephrologists seem to love ratios. The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and the urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR) are discussed in Chapter 4….
What Is Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio? (Or Is It Protein-to-Creatinine Ratio?) The amount of urinary albumin or protein is an important diagnostic and prognostic factor in patients with kidney disease (Peterson…
How Is the Urinalysis Helpful in Patients with Kidney Disease? In the past, urinalysis (UA) was a standard test done yearly in asymptomatic patients and routinely upon hospital admission. However,…
What Is Fractional Excretion and How Does Measuring It Help in Clinical Practice? DERIVATION OF THE FORMULA Fractional excretion is a term that nephrologists frequently use in clinical practice (Schrier,…
How Should Changes in Plasma Creatinine Be Interpreted? Renal (glomerular) function is best determined by measuring the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The most common methods utilize the endogenous substance creatinine,…
Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma Sam G. Pappas David L. Bartlett Introduction Mesotheliomas are neoplasms arising from the lining of the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is a…
Cancer of Unknown Primary Site John D. Hainsworth F. Anthony Greco Cancer of unknown primary site accounts for approximately 2% of all cancer diagnoses. Despite the fact that this syndrome…
Small Bowel Cancers Kimberly Moore Dalal Yuman Fong Introduction Small bowel cancers are relatively rare lesions, accounting for 2% of all gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. Although most tumors are asymptomatic, some…
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors George D. Demetri Brian P. Rubin Mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract comprise a widely diverse group of neoplasms, completely separate from carcinomas or neuroendocrine tumors….
