Biology of the Microbiome 1
The intestinal immune system is intimately connected with the vast diversity of microbes present within the gut and the diversity of food components that are consumed daily. The discovery of…
From Culture to High-Throughput Sequencing and Beyond
Detailed knowledge of the community of organisms in the gut has become possible in recent years because of the development of culture-independent methods. Largely based on latest DNA sequencing platforms,…
Basic Definitions and Concepts: Organization of the Gut Microbiome
New claims are frequently made for a role for the microbiome in a disease or disorder previously considered remote from the gut. The microbiome has been linked to such seemingly…
Heart Disease and the Liver
Liver injury due to acute and chronic heart failure has long been recognized. This article discusses the concepts of acute cardiogenic liver injury (ACLI) and cardiac or congestive hepatopathy (CH)…
Hepatitis E Virus and the Liver
Infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide, now increasingly recognized also in nonendemic regions. Clinical manifestation of hepatitis E includes mostly asymptomatic/subclinical presentations…
Hepatic Progenitor Cells
Liver regeneration is a fascinating and complex process with many medical implications. An important component of this regenerative process is the hepatic progenitor cell (HPC). These appealing cells are able…
Morphologic Subtypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinomas can be further divided into distinct subtypes that provide important clinical information and biological insights. These subtypes are distinct from growth patterns and are on based on morphologic…
Autoimmune Hepatitis Overlap Syndromes and Liver Pathology
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) may have an atypical serum alkaline phosphatase elevation, antimitochondrial antibodies, histologic features of bile duct injury/loss, or cholangiographic findings of focal biliary strictures and dilations. These manifestations…
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, Antiretroviral Therapy, and Liver Pathology
The improvement in antiretroviral therapy has significantly impacted the lives of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In high-income countries, HIV deaths are predominated by liver disease consequent to…
Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be difficult to distinguish from its mimics, including metastatic tumor, benign hepatocellular lesion, and high-grade dysplastic nodule, especially when limited biopsy material is available. Hence, the…
