Acid-base disorders
5.1 Introduction This chapter discusses how to use arterial or venous blood gas results and routine serum electrolytes to identify an acid-base disorder. , 5.1.1 Henderson-hasselbalch equation Interpretations of blood…
Renal physiology
3 Renal physiology , The kidney has multiple functions, including the following: ■ Excretory function—elimination of small molecular “wastes” from the body ■ Maintaining electrolyte balance ■ Maintaining acid-base balance…
Symptoms, signs, and differential diagnosis
2.1 Edema 2.1.1 Renal Probable Diagnosis Symptoms/Signs Diagnostic Procedures Nephrotic syndrome • Facial swelling • Swelling of the arms and legs, especially the ankles and feet • Pleural effusions •…
Introduction to nephrology
Nephrology, the subspecialty of internal medicine that covers the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases, hypertension, and electrolyte disorders, is often viewed as very difficult to master. In Clinical Handbook…
Glomerular Disease in Pregnancy
Glomerular Disease in Pregnancy Monica L. Reynolds Andrea L. Oliverio INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated to affect 6% of women of reproductive age and 3% of pregnancies globally.1,2,3…
Alport Syndrome
Alport Syndrome James F. Simon Michelle N. Rheault INTRODUCTION Alport syndrome is a genetic disorder of type IV collagen that impairs the structure and integrity of the glomerular basement membrane…
Glomerular Disease of Complement Dysregulation (C3 Glomerulopathy, Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome)
Glomerular Disease of Complement Dysregulation (C3 Glomerulopathy, Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome) Mathieu Lemaire Bradley P. Dixon INTRODUCTION/GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Dysregulation of the complement alternative pathway (CAP) plays a key role in the…
Glomerular Diseases Associated With Cancer and Its Treatment
Glomerular Diseases Associated With Cancer and Its Treatment Purva Sharma Kenar D. Jhaveri Jaya Kala INTRODUCTION Onconephrology is a new subspecialty of nephrology that recognizes the important intersections of kidney…
Peri-infectious Glomerulonephritis Associated With Viral Infections
Peri-infectious Glomerulonephritis Associated With Viral Infections Qiyu Wang Meghan Sise INTRODUCTION Chronic viral infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause…
Bacterial Infection-Associated Glomerulonephritis in Adults and Children
Bacterial Infection-Associated Glomerulonephritis in Adults and Children Kikachukwu Otiono Rahul Chanchlani INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Infection-associated glomerulonephritis (IAGN) describes a spectrum of glomerular diseases associated with bacterial, viral, fungal, and…
