Abdominal Key

Nocturnal Enuresis Anne M. Arnhym I. INTRODUCTION Nocturnal enuresis is a common condition that affects children of all ethnic backgrounds. It may result from a single factor or a combination…

Daytime Urinary Incontinence/Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction (in the Otherwise Healthy Child) Angelique M. Champeau I. INTRODUCTION A. In order to understand childhood urinary incontinence one must first understand the development…

Vesicoureteral Reflux Hillary L. Copp Laurence S. Baskin I. INTRODUCTION Vesicoureteral reflux is defined as the abnormal retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract through…

Urinary Tract Infections in Children Hillary L. Copp Angelique M. Champeau Nicholas M. Holmes I. INTRODUCTION A. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an inflammatory process of the urinary tract due…

Hydrocele, Hernia, Neonatal Torsion, and Scrotal Masses Barry A. Kogan Hydrocele and Hernia I. DEFINITION A. Hydrocele: An accumulation of fluid around the testicle. Types: Communicating and noncommunicating (Fig. 5-1A-B)….

Abnormalities of Sex Differentiation Jason M. Wilson Typical sex differentiation is an intricately choreographed processes involving chromosomally directed gene expression, protein and hormone production, gonadal development, and development of reproductive…

Undescended Testes—Cryptorchidism Guy A. Bogaert I. DEFINITION The testis is “undescended” if it is not in the scrotum or cannot be brought there during physical examination. Cryptorchidism means hidden or…

Hypospadias Laurence S. Baskin I. INTRODUCTION A. Hypospadias is a congenital defect of the penis, resulting in incomplete development of the anterior urethra, corpora spongiosum, and prepuce (foreskin). B. Clinically,…

Circumcision Laurence S. Baskin Karla M. Giramonti I. THE ORIGINS OF CIRCUMCISION A. Egyptian artifacts date circumcision to 6,000 years ago. B. Four thousand years ago the Old Testament references…