4.1 Water distribution between body compartments The diagram below illustrates water distribution between intracellular and extracellular body compartments, the latter including interstitial and intravascular spaces. 4.2 Sites of electrolyte reabsorption…
Kidney transplantation represents a complex overlapping of immunology, nephrology, and surgery. We will initially describe the important role of tissue typing, tissue compatibility and histocompatibility testing in donor-recipient selection. 13.1…
It should be recognized that normal laboratory values may vary among different clinical laboratories, measurement techniques, and of importance, the state of the subject when the sample is collected (e.g.,…
15.1 Kidney stones Kidney stone disease is common, with a risk of 10% to 15% occurring more commonly in men, but with an increasing incidence in women. Stone formation is…
14.1 Staging of hypertension (HTN) according to ACC/AHA BP Value Stage Treatment <120/80 Normal 120–129/<80 Elevated blood pressure Does not require drugs, but early interventions of lifestyle modifications (weight loss,…
12.1 Indications for acute/chronic dialysis Treatment options for both end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) include extracorporeal hemodialysis-based options, and peritoneal dialysis (PD). Important elements in the…
11.1 KDIGO stages of chronic kidney disease The 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines provide significant updates from the original 2002 Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines…
7.1 Definition of AKI ■ Increase in serum creatinine (SCr) by ≥0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours; or ■ Increase in SCr to ≥1.5 times baseline, which is known or presumed…
9.1 Acute interstitial nephritis The histopathology of acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) includes edema and infiltration of the renal interstitium with inflammatory cells (mononuclear cells, T lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils),…
Urinalysis Urine examination is an invaluable tool in patient evaluation and diagnosis. Easy to obtain but often overlooked, the voided urine offers clues to the diagnosis of kidney conditions and…
