HELLER MYOTOMY
Step 1: Surgical Anatomy ♦ Esophageal muscular layers: outer longitudinal, middle circular, inner layer mucosa ♦ Gastric muscular layers: outer longitudinal, middle circular, inner oblique, mucosa ♦ Cause of achalasia:…
IVOR LEWIS ESOPHAGECTOMY
Step 1: Surgical Anatomy ♦ The azygous vein crosses the esophagus at approximately the junction of the first third and second third of the esophagus. If the azygous vein is…
TRI-INCISIONAL ESOPHAGECTOMY
Step 1: Surgical Anatomy ♦ The normal stomach will reach the neck when placed in situ in virtually every patient. If a patient has had prior gastric surgery, then it…
Liver neoplasms
Primary tumors of the liver are divided into epithelial and mesenchymal lesions and further classified as benign or malignant ( Table 20-1 ). Overall, metastatic tumors are more common than…
Inflammatory and infectious diseases of the liver
■ Nonhepatotropic infections Bacterial infections Clinical features Bacterial infections in the liver may be manifested by pyogenic abscess, scattered microabscesses with small granulomas (tularemia and listeriosis), noncaseating granulomas (brucellosis), or…
Non-neoplastic and neoplastic pathology of the pancreas
■ Non-neoplastic diseases Developmental anomalies The three most commonly encountered developmental anomalies of the pancreas in routine surgical pathology practice are pancreatic divisum, annular pancreas, and ectopic pancreas. Pancreatic divisum…
Gastrointestinal polyposis syndromes
The intestinal polyposis syndromes are responsible for less than 1% of all lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract malignancies but have provided vast insight into the genetic alterations that underlie GI neoplasia….
Metabolic and toxic conditions of the liver
■ Accumulation of metals Iron accumulation Hemochromatosis is defined as excessive accumulation of iron in the liver and other organs, and may be a manifestation of a primary disease process…
Pathology of the anus
■ Inflammatory processes and non-neoplastic lesions A number of inflammatory and infectious processes may affect the anal canal; the histologic findings of anal fissures and ulcers, abscesses, and fistulas are…
Pathology of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts
■ Gallbladder Cholecystitis Clinical features Chronic cholecystitis due to gallstones most frequently results in intermittent right upper quadrant visceral pain that follows eating (so-called biliary colic). Acute cholecystitis typically presents…
