Hypernatremia
Abstract The serum sodium concentration is the ratio of sodium to water in the extracellular fluid compartment. It is determined by the relationship among total body sodium, potassium, and water,…
Hyponatremia and Hypoosmolar Disorders
Abstract Hyponatremia is the most common clinical electrolyte disorder, affecting up to 15% to 38% of hospitalized patients based on reports from multiple studies worldwide over the last several decades….
Imaging the Kidneys
Abstract Accurate and precise diagnosis of disorders of kidney parenchyma, vasculature, and collecting system can be achieved by utilization of advanced imaging techniques that have rapidly evolved in the past…
Overview of Kidney Structure and Function
Abstract The kidney is the master regulator of homeostasis. Despite substantial variations in intake, environmental conditions, or physical stresses from one individual to another or within the same individual over…
Hematuria and Proteinuria
Abstract Kidney damage is manifested by loss of the integrity of the filtration barrier, impairment of tubular function, or other processes that interfere with normal kidney function. Urinalysis and urine…
Urinalysis and Urine Microscopy
Abstract The urinalysis is an essential component of the evaluation of patients with suspected parenchymal kidney disease and helps distinguish among the various causes of glomerular disease and acute or…
Assessment of Kidney Function in Acute and Chronic Settings
Abstract Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is generally considered the best overall assessment of kidney function. The normal level for GFR is 120 to 130 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 but varies according…
Kidney Development
Abstract This chapter summarizes the major morphogenetic events during formation of nephrons and the collecting system in the mammalian kidney. The classification, developmental origin, and genetic basis of kidney-urinary tract…
Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Liver
Chapter Outline Introduction Specimen Analysis Documentation Biopsy Methods Hepatocellular Tumors Hepatocellular Adenoma Focal Nodular Hyperplasia Benign and Dysplastic Lesions in the Cirrhotic Liver Macroregenerative Nodules and Low-Grade Dysplastic Nodules High-Grade…
Tumors of the Pancreas
Chapter Outline Introduction Classification Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Variants Invasive Ductal Adenocarcinoma Morphologic Patterns of Ductal Adenocarcinoma Other Pancreatic Carcinomas of Ductal Origin Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Cystic Tumors Serous Cystic Neoplasm…
