The Inflammatory Response to Ischemic Acute Renal Injury
Acute ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). A major conceptual insight is that the total amount of renal injury is the result of…
Role of Glomerular Mechanical Stress in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Kidney Disease
Determinants of Glomerular Ultrafiltration and How They are Influenced by the Glomerular Arterioles The notion that derangements of glomerular dynamics may exert a deleterious effect and play a role in…
Physiologic Principles in the Clinical Evaluation of Electrolyte, Water, and Acid–Base Disorders
The kidneys play a fundamental role in the regulation of water and electrolyte excretion as well as in the maintenance of acid base balance. Water and electrolyte homeostasis is accomplished…
Renal Disposition of Drugs and Translation to Dosing Strategies
Renal excretion is an important clearance pathway for many drugs and their metabolites. Impaired renal excretion, either as a result of kidney disease or the effects of co-administered drugs, can…
Individualizing the Dialysate to Address Electrolyte Disturbances in the Dialysis Patient
Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) depend on dialysis to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. Dialysis allows for solutes to diffuse between blood and dialysate such that, over the course…
Role of Proteinuria in the Progression of Renal Disease
Introduction Chronic progressive nephropathies, independent of the type of the initial insult, have in common persistently high levels of urinary protein excretion, chronic tubulointerstitial lesions, and glomerular sclerosis. It has…
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) (MIM 173900) is a systemic disorder characterized by age-dependent occurrence of bilateral, multiple renal cysts as well as a variety of extrarenal manifestations. The…
Management of Calcium and Bone Disease in Renal Patients
We have made significant advances in understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease (CKD). These include: (1) the discovery of the calcium-sensing receptor CaSR…
Renal Filtration, Transport, and Metabolism of Albumin and Albuminuria
Albuminuria is a sensitive marker of kidney dysfunction and associated with increased mortality and risk of cardiovascular disease. Urinary excretion of albumin is regulated by balance between glomerular filtration and…
Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
This chapter focuses on the pathophysiological principles of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), with special emphasis on the structural, cellular and molecular alterations occurring in ischemic, nephrotoxic and septic AKI. Changing…
